Symposium Introduction

The biosphere includes: living substance , formed by the combination organisms; nutrients , which is created in the process activity of organisms (gases of the atmosphere, coal, oil, peat, limestone, etc.); inert substance , which is formed without the participation living organisms; biokosnoe substance , is a joint result of vital activity of organisms and non-biological processes (eg, soil).

Inert matter of the biosphere.

The boundaries of the biosphere are determined by factors Earth's environment, which makes impossible the existence of living organisms. The upper boundary is approximately at an altitude of 20 km from the planet's surface and is bounded by a layer of ozone, which delays devastating the lives of short-wave part of ultraviolet solar radiation. Thus, living organisms can exist in troposphere and lower stratosphere. In the hydrosphere, the crust organisms penetrate the entire depth of the oceans - up to 10-11 km. In the life of the lithosphere occurs at a depth of 3,5-7,5 km, which is due to the temperature of the Earth's interior and condition for the penetration of water in liquid state.

Atmosphere.

Gaseous envelope is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. Small quantities it contains carbon dioxide (0.03%) and ozone. Condition the atmosphere has a great influence on the physical, chemical and biological processes on Earth's surface and in the aquatic environment. For biological processes most important are: oxygen used for respiration and mineralization dead organic matter, carbon dioxide involved in photosynthesis, and ozone, shielding the Earth's surface from the hard ultraviolet radiation. Nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor formed largely by volcanic activity, and oxygen - as a result photosynthesis.